英国的历史起源(克尔特人的到来和定居)
(公元前5000年—1066年)
I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克尔特人的到来和定居
Celts were practiced famers. The drained much ofmarshlands and built houses of wood.They wreironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celtslanguages, are the basis of the language which is stillused by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德鲁伊教). 克尔特人是有经验的农民，他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。他们还打造铁器。苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。
1 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
2The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.
克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次高潮是约公元前400年布列吞人的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。
英语国家概况:英国的历史起源(罗马征服)
II. Roman Invasion 罗马征服
Between 55 and 54 B.C., Julius Casesar invaded British twice. But it was only nominalconquest for 96 years. The real conquest began in 43 A.D. and lasted for almost 350 years.
公元前55到公元前54年，凯撒大帝两次征服，但只是96年名义上的占领。真正的征服开始于公元43年，并持续了350年。
The Romans never did succeed in subduing all of Britain. One of the greatest achievements ofthe Roman Empire was its system of roads. The influence of Roman thought survived in Britainonly through the Church. Romanization was not successful in other areas like language andculture.
罗马征服并没有真正的征服英吉利，但罗马人带去了先进的技术，尤其是公路系统。罗马人在语言和文化上都没能征服当地人，只有他们的宗教例外。许多罗马教堂拔地而起。
英语国家概况:英国的历史起源(盎格鲁—撒克逊人)
III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 盎格鲁—撒克逊人
1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格鲁—萨克逊时代(奠定了英国的基础)
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.
五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼(条顿)部落。
①The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became theKing of Kent in 449.
②Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established theirkingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the6th century.
③In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany andwere to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria.These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia andNorthumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.
居住在日德兰半岛(现丹麦南部)上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。一个朱特人首领于449年当上了国王。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。
六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够上。这七个主要王国(肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚)，合称为七王国。
2.The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared,except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sentSt. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew's Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen(异教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop ofCanterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but theconversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks inthe north.
盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们的传教活动。
3.The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of theEnglish nation)
早期盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they
①divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courtsand shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised thenarrow-strip, three-field
②farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also
③established the manorial system(庄园制). Finally, they
④created the Witan(council or meeting of the wisemen)to advise the king, the basis of thePrivy Council which still exists today.
盎格鲁—撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至18世纪。此外，他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了咨议会(贤人会议)，向国王提供建议，这就成为了今天尚存的枢密院的前身。
标签： 罗马
